UGC NET JUNE 2013 SOLVED HISTORY PAPER – III
1. Match List-I (authors) with List-II (definitions of history) and select
the correct answer with the help of the codes given below :
List – I List – II
(Authors) (Definitions of History)
(a) Oakshott (i) All history is history of thought.
(b) Travelyan (ii) History is herself simply a science, no less and no more.
(c) Collingwood (iii) The fact is … that the past in history varies with the present.
(d) Bury (iv) The value of history is not scientific. Its true value is educational.
Codes :
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(A) (iii) (iv) (i) (ii)
(B) (ii) (iii) (iv) (i)
(C) (iv) (ii) (iii) (i)
(D) (iv) (iii) (i) (ii)
2. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer from the code given below :
List – I List – II
(a) Palaeolithic (i) Ground stone tools
(b) Mesolithic (ii) Rock painting
(c) Neolithic (iii) Flaked stone tools
(d) Upper Palaeolithic (iv) Microlithic tools
Codes :
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(A) (i) (iv) (ii) (iii)
(B) (iii) (i) (iv) (ii)
(C) (iii) (iv) (i) (ii)
(D) (ii) (iii) (iv) (i)
3. The largest number of Harappan sites have been found on the bank of the river
(A) Indus (B) Satluj (C) Saraswati (D) Ravi
4. What was the unique feature of the Harappan civilization which was unknown
to other contemporary civilizations ?
(A) Cotton Cloth
(B) Palatial Houses
(C) Steatite Seals
(D) Carnelian Beads
5. Match List-I (Place name) with List-II (Geographical location) and select the correct
answer from the code given below :
List – I List – II
(a) Meluha (i) Bahrin
(b) Dilmun (ii) Indus Region
(c) Makan (iii) Central Asia
(d) Kurgaon (iv) Makaran Coast
Codes :
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(A) (i) (iii) (iv) (ii)
(B) (iv) (i) (ii) (iii)
(C) (ii) (i) (iv) (iii)
(D) (iii) (i) (iv) (ii)
6. Who was the first to propound the theory of Aryan invasion on India ?
(A) R.E.M. Wheeler
(B) Gorden V. Childe
(C) J. Marshall
(D) R.P. Chanda
7. The famous philosopher king of the kingdom of Panchala during the later Vedic period was
(A) Ajatasatru
(B) Parikshita
(C) Pravahana Jaivali
(D) Svetaketu
8. Who among the following Dharmasutra writers does not approve the system of Niyoga ?
(A) Gautama (B) Apastamba (C) Baudhayana (D) Vasishtha
9. Several names of Kautilya have been mentioned in which one of the following ?
(A) Devi-Chandra-Guptam
(B) Dasa-Kumara-Charita
(C) Mudrarakshasa
(D) Abhidhana-Chintamani
10. Which among the following places is not associated with the Megalithic culture ?
(A) Chandragiri
(B) Brahmagiri
(C) Adichchanallur
(D) Utnur
11. What is the correct chronological order of the following Greco-Roman authors ?
(a) Ktesias (b) Pliny (c) Strabo (d) Ptolemy
(A) (b), (c), (d), (a)
(B) (a), (c), (b), (d)
(C) (c), (d), (a), (b)
(D) (d), (b), (c), (a)
12. The seat of the third great Sangam of Tamil authors was at
(A) Gangaikond Cholapuram
(B) Kanchi
(C) Madura
(D) Tanjavur
13. Which among the following was not a port city during the ancient period ?
(A) Tuticorin
(B) Poompuhar
(C) Tamralipti
(D) Nagapatnam
14. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer from the code given below :
List – I List – II
(a) Romaka Sidhanta (i) Arabian’s influence
(b) Rouletted Ware (ii) Greek’s influence
(c) Surkhi (iii) Roman’s influence
(d) Algebra (iv) Kushan’s influence
Codes :
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(A) (ii) (iii) (iv) (i)
(B) (iii) (ii) (iv) (i)
(C) (iv) (ii) (iii) (i)
(D) (i) (iii) (ii) (iv)
15. Which one of the following inscriptions mentions the names of both Chandragupta and Ashoka ?
(A) Allahabad Pillar inscription of Samudragupta.
(B) Junagarh inscription of Rudradaman.
(C) Shahbajgarhi inscription of Ashoka.
(D) Hathigumpha inscription of Kharvela.
16. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer from the code given below :
List – I List – II
(a) Nyāya (i) Jamini
(b) Vaiseshika (ii) Kapila
(c) Sānkhya (iii) Ka āda
(d) Mimansa (iv) Gautam
Codes :
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(A) (iii) (iv) (ii) (i)
(B) (ii) (iii) (i) (iv)
(C) (iv) (iii) (ii) (i)
(D) (iv) (i) (iii) (ii)
17. In connection with Satvahana coins which one of the following statement is not correct ?
(A) They did not issue gold coins.
(B) They issued gold coins.
(C) They issued lead coins.
(D) They issued potin coins.
18. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer from codes given below :
List – I List – II
(a) Kodumanal (i) Pallava Temple
(b) Gangaikondan (ii) Port City
(c) Mahabalipuram (iii) Trade Centre
(d) Poompuhar (iv) Chola Seat of Power
Codes :
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(A) (ii) (iv) (i) (iii)
(B) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
(C) (ii) (iii) (iv) (i)
(D) (iii) (iv) (i) (ii)
19. With which of the following eras was the Malava-reckoning identical ?
(A) Vikrama (B) Śaka (C) Gupta (D) Kali
20. In which among the following a reference to the trading activities of the Tamils is found ?
(A) Mullaippattu
(B) Nedunalvadai
(C) Silappadigaram
(D) Manimekhalai
21. The writer of Kural, the famous Deccan epic was
(A) Kamban
(B) Ottakuttan
(C) Puglenid
(D) Tiru-Valluvar
22. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer from the code given below :
List – I List – II
(a) Tolkāppiyama (i) Jain Philosophy
(b) Tir–ukkural (ii) Love Story
(c) Silappadikāram (iii) Tamil Grammar
(d) Paripād′ al (iv) Philosophy
Codes :
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(A) (iii) (ii) (i) (iv)
(B) (iii) (i) (ii) (iv)
(C) (i) (iii) (ii) (iv)
(D) (ii) (i) (iii) (iv)
23. Which Indian epigraph yields the first evidence of zero ?
(A) Apsad inscription of Adityasena.
(B) Gwalior inscription of Bhojdeva.
(C) Nasik inscription of Gotamiputra Satkarni.
(D) Hathigumpha inscription of Kharvela.
24. Given below are two statements, one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other labelled as Reason (R) :
Assertion (A) : Pallava King Mahendra-Varman I built some of the finest rock-cut
Hindu temples, including, those at Mahabalipuram.
Reason (R) : Mahendra-Varman I began life as a Jaina but was converted to Shaivism.
In the context of the above two statements, which one of the following is correct ?
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
25. Arrange the following into sequential order and select the correct answer from the codes given below :
(i) Rajaraja Chola I
(ii) Aditya Chola
(iii) Rajendra Chola
(iv) Parantaka Chola I
Codes :
(A) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
(B) (ii), (iv), (i), (iii)
(C) (iii), (iv), (ii), (i)
(D) (iv), (iii), (i), (ii)
26. Which of the following statements are not correct ?
1. Iltutmish’s tomb is an indication of the mixing of the Hindu and Muslim traditions of architecture.
2. First true arch was used in the tomb of Sultan Nasiruddin Mahmud.
3. The horse shoe arch was used for the first time in the construction of Alai Darwaza.
4. Architectural device known as double dome was not used in any building constructed
during the Sultanate period.
Select your answer from the codes given below :
Codes :
(A) 1, 3, 4 (B) 2, 4 (C) 1, 3 (D) 2, 3, 4
27. The period from 1236 to 1296 witnessed the reign of
(A) Five Sultans
(B) Seven Sultans
(C) Ten Sultans
(D) Twelve Sultans
28. Which of the following statements is not correct ?
(A) In Delhi Sultanate use of slave labour in craft production was significant.
(B) Slaves were also used for unskilled, domestic work.
(C) Sultan Firuz Tughlaq had 12,000 artisans among his slaves.
(D) Immigrant Muslim masons were employed for the construction of Sultanate buildings,
including both mosques and tombs.
29. Which crops were not cultivated in India during the Sultanate period ?
1. Potato 2. Barley 3. Sesame 4. Maize
Select your answer from the codes given below :
Codes :
(A) 1, 2, 3 (B) 1, 2 (C) 1, 4 (D) 3, 4
30. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer from the codes given below :
List – I List – II
(Rulers of Delhi Sultanate) (Measure or event)
(a) Jalaluddin Khalji (i) Conquest of Bengal
(b) Alauddin Khalji (ii) Establishment of the Department of Public Works
(c) Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq (iii) Execution of Sidi Maula
(d) Firuz Shah Tughlaq (iv) Conquest of Malwa and Gujarat
Codes :
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(A) (i) (iv) (iii) (ii)
(B) (iii) (iv) (i) (ii)
(C) (iv) (iii) (i) (ii)
(D) (i) (iii) (iv) (ii)
31. The names of the three successors of Khizr Khan, the founder of the Saiyyid dynasty, are given below :
(i) Mabarak Shah
(ii) Alauddin Alam Shah
(iii) Muhammad Shah
Which of the following sequences represents the correct chronological order ?
(A) (i), (ii), (iii) (B) (i), (iii), (ii) (C) (iii), (ii), (i) (D) (ii), (iii), (i)
32. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer from the codes given below :
List – I List – II
(Sufi terminology) (Meaning)
(a) Futuh (i) Sufi musical gathering
(b) Sama (ii) Conversations of Sufi saints
(c) Barkat (iii) Unasked for charity
(d) Malfuz (iv) Spiritual grace acquired by a Sufi
Codes :
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(A) (i) (iii) (ii) (iv)
(B) (iii) (i) (iv) (ii)
(C) (iii) (ii) (i) (iv)
(D) (iv) (iii) (ii) (i)
33. Who calls the political economy of the Vijayanagara regime of the sixteenth century as feudal ?
(A) N. Karashima
(B) Burton Stein
(C) K.V. Ramesh
(D) N. Venkataramanyya
34. Consider the following statements :
(i) Guru Nanak was interested in all the major forms of contemporary religious
beliefs and practices whether “Hindu” or “Muslim”.
(ii) Guru Nanak was soft on the Jain monks.
(iii) He considered ritual reading of scriptures as waste of time.
(iv) During the last fifteen years of his life Guru Nanak settled at Kiratpur.
Which of the above statements are not correct ? Select your answer from the codes given below :
Codes :
(A) (i) and (ii) (B) (i) and (iv) (C) (ii) and (iii) (D) (ii) and (iv)
35. Given below are two statements, one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other labelled as Reason (R) :
Assertion (A) : Like his father and Surs, Humayan was not willing to recognize any
power politically superior to him.
Reason (R) : He himself assumed the title of Khalifa. In the context of the above two statements,
which one of the followings is correct ?
Codes :
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
36. Who stated that the ‘best place for a woman is the purdah or the grave ?
(A) Amir Khusrau
(B) Isami
(C) Badauni
(D) Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi
37. Who justified Mughal attack on Malwa by saying that Baz Bahadur occupied himself with
“unlawful and vicious practices” ?
(A) Nizamuddin Ahmad
(B) Abdul Qadir Badauni
(C) Arif Qandhari
(D) Abul Fazl
38. Given below are two statements, one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other labelled as Reason (R) :
Assertion (A) : The art of painting reached its highest watermark during Jahanagir’s reign.
Reason (R) : He was not interested in other forms of art.
In the context of the above two statements, which one of the following is correct ?
Codes :
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
39. Given below are two statements, one labelled as Assertion (A) and other labelled as Reason (R).
Assertion (A) : The advent of the European trading companies in India adversely affected
India’s export trade during the seventeenth century.
Reason (R) : Large quantities of silver found its way into India due to the trading activities
of the English East India Company in the seventeenth century.
In the context of the above two statements, which one of the following is correct ? Select the
correct answer from the codes given below :
Codes :
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
40. Which of the following officers was not associated with the administration of cities in the
Mughal empire ?
(A) Nazim (B) Qazi (C) Mir-i-adl (D) Kotwal
41. Consider the following statements :
(i) Shah Jahan discontinued Jharokha darshan and tula dana.
(ii) Shah Jahan refused to grant land to Shanti Das, the leading Jain Jeweller and banker
of Ahmedabad to build a resting place for Jain saints.
(iii) Shah Jahan banned mixed marriages between Hindus and Muslims in Kashmir.
(iv) Shah Jahan exempted the theologians from offering Sijda.
Which of the above statements are not correct. Select the correct answer from the codes given below :
Codes :
(A) (i) and (ii) (B) (ii) and (iii) (C) (ii) and (iv) (D) (i) and (iv)
42. Which Mughal Court Chronicle given an account of the Ahom Kingdom of Assam ?
(A) Padshahnama
(B) Alamgirnama
(C) Futuhat-i-Alamgiri
(D) Maasir-i-Alamgiri
43. Which historian has spoken of tripartite relationship between zamindars, jagirdars
and peasants as the reason for the crisis of the Mughal Empire and its decline ?
(A) Stephan P. Blake
(B) M. Athar Ali
(C) Satish Chandra
(D) C.A. Bayly
44. Consider the following statements :
(i) Shivaji could check the Deccan power from intruding into his swaraj territory.
(ii) He could plunder Surat in 1664.
(iii) He could withstand the attacks of Shaista Khan and Mirza Raja Jai Singh.
(iv) Bijapur and Golkunda were annexed by the Mughals to undermine the position of Shivaji.
Which of the above statements are not correct. Select the correct answer from the codes given below :
Codes :
(A) (i) and (iii) (B) (i) and (iv) (C) (ii) and (iii) (D) (iii) and (iv)
45. Which of the following pairs is not correctly matched ?
(A) Ahdi Gentleman trooper
(B) Ashraf A person of noble birth
(C) Jama-i-Kamil Assessment of revenue at normal rate
(D) Siwanah Nigar News reporter
46. Which of the following statements is not correct ?
(A) Horses constituted a very large item of India’s overland import.
(B) Virji Vohra was one of the prominent merchants of Surat during the 17th century.
(C) The Portuguese dominated India’s maritime trade during the 17th century.
(D) Many Mughal nobles participated in trade and commerce during the 17th century.
47. Which of the following statements is not correct ?
(A) Monetary system of the Mughals was largely based on silver rupaiya.
(B) The Mughal rulers from Babur to Shahjahan continued to harbour territorial ambitions in Central Asia.
(C) There was no middle class in Mughal India.
(D) The period 1605-1658 witnessed significant changes in the Mansab and Jagir systems.
48. Given below are two statements, one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other labelled as Reason (R) :
Assertion (A) : With the acquisition of Diwani of Bengal the Company directly organised
the ‘drain of wealth’.
Reason (R) : The Company began to send to England the revenue of Bengal through
what were called “Investment”.
In the context of the above two statements, which one of the following is correct ?
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
49. The biggest British capital investment in India was made in
(A) The Jute Mills
(B) The Railways, Banking, Insurance and Shipping.
(C) The Tea and Coffee Plantations.
(D) The Indigo Plantations.
50. Who said : ‘The misery hardly finds a parallel in the history of commerce.
The bones of the cotton weavers are bleaching the plains of India.” ?
(A) William Bentinck
(B) G.M. Travelyan
(C) C. Metcalfe
(D) Lord. Auckland
51. Who said, “Imparting education to natives is our moral duty” ?
(A) Warren Hastings
(B) Wellesly
(C) William Bentinck
(D) Lord Moira
52. After 1833 the single biggest source of drain of Indian wealth to Britain was
(A) Export of opium
(B) Export of indigo
(C) British capital investment in India
(D) Export of cotton
53. Which of the following is not one of the causes responsible for the rise of moneylenders in British India ?
(A) New Revenue Policy
(B) New Legal System
(C) New Educational System
(D) Commercialization of Agriculture
54. What was the common feature between the Wahabi and Kuka movements ?
(A) Both began as religious movement, but drifted to became political movement.
(B) Both were political and economical movement.
(C) Both followed the path of Ahinsa.
(D) Both not suffered from certain weaknesses, such as communal passions, fanaticism
and division with ranks.
55. Who of the following was the biographer of Raja Rammohan Roy ?
(A) Armstrong
(B) Mary Carpenter
(C) David Havel
(D) Lawrence
56. The LexLoci Act gave
(A) no right over the ancestral properties for the Christian converts.
(B) the Christian converts, the right to inherit their ancestral properties.
(C) no right over the ancestral properties for the converts from Budhist religion.
(D) the right to inherit the ancestral properties for the converts from Jain religion.
57. Due to whose efforts Widow Remarriage Act was passed ?
(A) Raja Rammohan Roy
(B) Ishwarchandra Vidyasagar
(C) D.K. Karve
(D) M.G. Ranade
58. In which year the Indian association for the cultivation of science was established ?
(A) 1874 (B) 1875 (C) 1876 (D) 1877
59. The Act Prohibiting Child Marriages was passed in 1891 due to the efforts of
(A) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar and Jyotiba Phule.
(B) Mahadev Govind Ranade and Jyotiba Phule.
(C) Keshab Chandra Sen and Behramji Malabari.
(D) Keshab Chandra Sen and Mahadev Govind Ranade.
60. Shri Narayan Dharma Paripalana Yogam of Kerala worked for
(A) Upliftment of dalits and peasants.
(B) Women’s education.
(C) Eradication of child labour.
(D) The Hindu widow remarriage.
61. The name ‘Indian National Congress’ was given by
(A) Dadabhai Naoroji
(B) M.G. Ranade
(C) S.N. Bannerjee
(D) A.O. Hume
62. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer with the help of the codes given below :
List – I List – II
(Name) (Newspaper)
(a) Abul Kalam Azad i Bombay Chronicle
(b) Pheroze Shah Mehta ii Al Hilal
(c) Mrs. Annie Besant iii Young India
(d) Mahatma Gandhi iv New India
Codes :
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(A) ii i iv iii
(B) i ii iv iii
(C) ii i iii iv
(D) iv i ii iii
63. Given below are two statements, one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other labelled as Reason (R).
Assertion (A) : Avesta is the sacred book of Parsis.
Reason (R) : Madam Cama made significant contribution in reforming the Parsi society and
uplifting the Parsi women.
In the context of the above two statements, which one of the following is correct ?
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not a correct explanation of (A).
(C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
64. The first woman who got nominated to the Madras Legislative Council in 1927 was
(A) Muthulakshmi Reddy
(B) Sister Subbalakshmi
(C) Mehribai Tata
(D) Margaret Counsins
65. The Indian National Congress became a real mass based political party after the
(A) Nagpur Session of the Congress in 1891.
(B) Nagpur Session of the Congress in 1920.
(C) Kanpur Session of the Congress in 1928.
(D) Faizpur Session of the Congress in 1936.
66. Given below are two statements, one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other labelled as Reason (R).
Assertion (A) : Soon after the resignation of the Congress Ministries in the provinces in 1939,
the Muslim League observed a deliverance day.
Reason (R) : Ambedkar supported it. In the context of the above two statements,
which one of the following is correct ?
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
67. Given below are two statements, one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other labelled as Reason (R).
Assertion (A) : After the Civil War in U.S.A. blacks faced difficulty regarding voting right.
Reason (R) : Some Southern States of U.S.A. made it mandatory to have either the
name of grandfather or father in the electoral list of 1860.
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(C) (A) is true and (R) is false.
(D) (A) is false and (R) is true.
68. Who among the following said: “To define the postmodernism is not just
to define a term. It is to characterize the present age and to asses how we should respond to it.” ?
(A) J.F. Lyotard
(B) Arran Gare
(C) J.G. Merquior
(D) None of the above
69. Consider the following statements and point out the one which is incorrect in
the context of research methodology :
(A) Subjective approach in Historical writing makes it possible to present a true picture of the past.
(B) External and internal criticism helps the historian to establish the authenticity of the records.
(C) To critically analyse the past happenings the historian needs to know the order of their occurance.
(D) Historical records of the past may not be wholly authentic or genuine to ascertain facts.
70. Consider the following statement : ‘Before the scientific revolution of 17th century,
history writing in the west suffered from certain weaknesses.’ Which one of the
following justifies the above ?
(A) Most of the writers were ignorant about the idea of change through time.
(B) The subject matter of history was treated more or less as a branch of literature or philosophy.
(C) Both (A) and (B)
(D) None of the above
71. The recruitment of the Company’s army was based on
(A) The existing traditions of military labour market.
(B) Preferred peasants as best potential recruits.
(C) Colonial stereotypes.
(D) Physically suitable.
72. The Company’s army consisted of
(A) Upper Caste Brahman and Rajput.
(B) Landed Peasants from Bihar and Bengal.
(C) People from rice eating regions.
(D) People only from South.
73. What kind of payment system British followed in army recruitment ?
(A) Malgujari (B) Ghatwali (C) Mahalwari (D) Yadgari
74. Company could not absorb disbanded soldiers after early nineteenth century because
(A) It had surplus army.
(B) Company was weak economically.
(C) Company did not want more Indian force.
(D) Of religious considerations.
75. Gurkhas became most trusted soldiers because
(A) They were experts in martial art.
(B) They were hill men.
(C) They were disciplined.
(D) They were experts in Guerilla war.
1. Match List-I (authors) with List-II (definitions of history) and select
the correct answer with the help of the codes given below :
List – I List – II
(Authors) (Definitions of History)
(a) Oakshott (i) All history is history of thought.
(b) Travelyan (ii) History is herself simply a science, no less and no more.
(c) Collingwood (iii) The fact is … that the past in history varies with the present.
(d) Bury (iv) The value of history is not scientific. Its true value is educational.
Codes :
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(A) (iii) (iv) (i) (ii)
(B) (ii) (iii) (iv) (i)
(C) (iv) (ii) (iii) (i)
(D) (iv) (iii) (i) (ii)
2. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer from the code given below :
List – I List – II
(a) Palaeolithic (i) Ground stone tools
(b) Mesolithic (ii) Rock painting
(c) Neolithic (iii) Flaked stone tools
(d) Upper Palaeolithic (iv) Microlithic tools
Codes :
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(A) (i) (iv) (ii) (iii)
(B) (iii) (i) (iv) (ii)
(C) (iii) (iv) (i) (ii)
(D) (ii) (iii) (iv) (i)
3. The largest number of Harappan sites have been found on the bank of the river
(A) Indus (B) Satluj (C) Saraswati (D) Ravi
4. What was the unique feature of the Harappan civilization which was unknown
to other contemporary civilizations ?
(A) Cotton Cloth
(B) Palatial Houses
(C) Steatite Seals
(D) Carnelian Beads
5. Match List-I (Place name) with List-II (Geographical location) and select the correct
answer from the code given below :
List – I List – II
(a) Meluha (i) Bahrin
(b) Dilmun (ii) Indus Region
(c) Makan (iii) Central Asia
(d) Kurgaon (iv) Makaran Coast
Codes :
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(A) (i) (iii) (iv) (ii)
(B) (iv) (i) (ii) (iii)
(C) (ii) (i) (iv) (iii)
(D) (iii) (i) (iv) (ii)
6. Who was the first to propound the theory of Aryan invasion on India ?
(A) R.E.M. Wheeler
(B) Gorden V. Childe
(C) J. Marshall
(D) R.P. Chanda
7. The famous philosopher king of the kingdom of Panchala during the later Vedic period was
(A) Ajatasatru
(B) Parikshita
(C) Pravahana Jaivali
(D) Svetaketu
8. Who among the following Dharmasutra writers does not approve the system of Niyoga ?
(A) Gautama (B) Apastamba (C) Baudhayana (D) Vasishtha
9. Several names of Kautilya have been mentioned in which one of the following ?
(A) Devi-Chandra-Guptam
(B) Dasa-Kumara-Charita
(C) Mudrarakshasa
(D) Abhidhana-Chintamani
10. Which among the following places is not associated with the Megalithic culture ?
(A) Chandragiri
(B) Brahmagiri
(C) Adichchanallur
(D) Utnur
11. What is the correct chronological order of the following Greco-Roman authors ?
(a) Ktesias (b) Pliny (c) Strabo (d) Ptolemy
(A) (b), (c), (d), (a)
(B) (a), (c), (b), (d)
(C) (c), (d), (a), (b)
(D) (d), (b), (c), (a)
12. The seat of the third great Sangam of Tamil authors was at
(A) Gangaikond Cholapuram
(B) Kanchi
(C) Madura
(D) Tanjavur
13. Which among the following was not a port city during the ancient period ?
(A) Tuticorin
(B) Poompuhar
(C) Tamralipti
(D) Nagapatnam
14. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer from the code given below :
List – I List – II
(a) Romaka Sidhanta (i) Arabian’s influence
(b) Rouletted Ware (ii) Greek’s influence
(c) Surkhi (iii) Roman’s influence
(d) Algebra (iv) Kushan’s influence
Codes :
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(A) (ii) (iii) (iv) (i)
(B) (iii) (ii) (iv) (i)
(C) (iv) (ii) (iii) (i)
(D) (i) (iii) (ii) (iv)
15. Which one of the following inscriptions mentions the names of both Chandragupta and Ashoka ?
(A) Allahabad Pillar inscription of Samudragupta.
(B) Junagarh inscription of Rudradaman.
(C) Shahbajgarhi inscription of Ashoka.
(D) Hathigumpha inscription of Kharvela.
16. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer from the code given below :
List – I List – II
(a) Nyāya (i) Jamini
(b) Vaiseshika (ii) Kapila
(c) Sānkhya (iii) Ka āda
(d) Mimansa (iv) Gautam
Codes :
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(A) (iii) (iv) (ii) (i)
(B) (ii) (iii) (i) (iv)
(C) (iv) (iii) (ii) (i)
(D) (iv) (i) (iii) (ii)
17. In connection with Satvahana coins which one of the following statement is not correct ?
(A) They did not issue gold coins.
(B) They issued gold coins.
(C) They issued lead coins.
(D) They issued potin coins.
18. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer from codes given below :
List – I List – II
(a) Kodumanal (i) Pallava Temple
(b) Gangaikondan (ii) Port City
(c) Mahabalipuram (iii) Trade Centre
(d) Poompuhar (iv) Chola Seat of Power
Codes :
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(A) (ii) (iv) (i) (iii)
(B) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
(C) (ii) (iii) (iv) (i)
(D) (iii) (iv) (i) (ii)
19. With which of the following eras was the Malava-reckoning identical ?
(A) Vikrama (B) Śaka (C) Gupta (D) Kali
20. In which among the following a reference to the trading activities of the Tamils is found ?
(A) Mullaippattu
(B) Nedunalvadai
(C) Silappadigaram
(D) Manimekhalai
21. The writer of Kural, the famous Deccan epic was
(A) Kamban
(B) Ottakuttan
(C) Puglenid
(D) Tiru-Valluvar
22. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer from the code given below :
List – I List – II
(a) Tolkāppiyama (i) Jain Philosophy
(b) Tir–ukkural (ii) Love Story
(c) Silappadikāram (iii) Tamil Grammar
(d) Paripād′ al (iv) Philosophy
Codes :
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(A) (iii) (ii) (i) (iv)
(B) (iii) (i) (ii) (iv)
(C) (i) (iii) (ii) (iv)
(D) (ii) (i) (iii) (iv)
23. Which Indian epigraph yields the first evidence of zero ?
(A) Apsad inscription of Adityasena.
(B) Gwalior inscription of Bhojdeva.
(C) Nasik inscription of Gotamiputra Satkarni.
(D) Hathigumpha inscription of Kharvela.
24. Given below are two statements, one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other labelled as Reason (R) :
Assertion (A) : Pallava King Mahendra-Varman I built some of the finest rock-cut
Hindu temples, including, those at Mahabalipuram.
Reason (R) : Mahendra-Varman I began life as a Jaina but was converted to Shaivism.
In the context of the above two statements, which one of the following is correct ?
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
25. Arrange the following into sequential order and select the correct answer from the codes given below :
(i) Rajaraja Chola I
(ii) Aditya Chola
(iii) Rajendra Chola
(iv) Parantaka Chola I
Codes :
(A) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
(B) (ii), (iv), (i), (iii)
(C) (iii), (iv), (ii), (i)
(D) (iv), (iii), (i), (ii)
26. Which of the following statements are not correct ?
1. Iltutmish’s tomb is an indication of the mixing of the Hindu and Muslim traditions of architecture.
2. First true arch was used in the tomb of Sultan Nasiruddin Mahmud.
3. The horse shoe arch was used for the first time in the construction of Alai Darwaza.
4. Architectural device known as double dome was not used in any building constructed
during the Sultanate period.
Select your answer from the codes given below :
Codes :
(A) 1, 3, 4 (B) 2, 4 (C) 1, 3 (D) 2, 3, 4
27. The period from 1236 to 1296 witnessed the reign of
(A) Five Sultans
(B) Seven Sultans
(C) Ten Sultans
(D) Twelve Sultans
28. Which of the following statements is not correct ?
(A) In Delhi Sultanate use of slave labour in craft production was significant.
(B) Slaves were also used for unskilled, domestic work.
(C) Sultan Firuz Tughlaq had 12,000 artisans among his slaves.
(D) Immigrant Muslim masons were employed for the construction of Sultanate buildings,
including both mosques and tombs.
29. Which crops were not cultivated in India during the Sultanate period ?
1. Potato 2. Barley 3. Sesame 4. Maize
Select your answer from the codes given below :
Codes :
(A) 1, 2, 3 (B) 1, 2 (C) 1, 4 (D) 3, 4
30. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer from the codes given below :
List – I List – II
(Rulers of Delhi Sultanate) (Measure or event)
(a) Jalaluddin Khalji (i) Conquest of Bengal
(b) Alauddin Khalji (ii) Establishment of the Department of Public Works
(c) Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq (iii) Execution of Sidi Maula
(d) Firuz Shah Tughlaq (iv) Conquest of Malwa and Gujarat
Codes :
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(A) (i) (iv) (iii) (ii)
(B) (iii) (iv) (i) (ii)
(C) (iv) (iii) (i) (ii)
(D) (i) (iii) (iv) (ii)
31. The names of the three successors of Khizr Khan, the founder of the Saiyyid dynasty, are given below :
(i) Mabarak Shah
(ii) Alauddin Alam Shah
(iii) Muhammad Shah
Which of the following sequences represents the correct chronological order ?
(A) (i), (ii), (iii) (B) (i), (iii), (ii) (C) (iii), (ii), (i) (D) (ii), (iii), (i)
32. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer from the codes given below :
List – I List – II
(Sufi terminology) (Meaning)
(a) Futuh (i) Sufi musical gathering
(b) Sama (ii) Conversations of Sufi saints
(c) Barkat (iii) Unasked for charity
(d) Malfuz (iv) Spiritual grace acquired by a Sufi
Codes :
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(A) (i) (iii) (ii) (iv)
(B) (iii) (i) (iv) (ii)
(C) (iii) (ii) (i) (iv)
(D) (iv) (iii) (ii) (i)
33. Who calls the political economy of the Vijayanagara regime of the sixteenth century as feudal ?
(A) N. Karashima
(B) Burton Stein
(C) K.V. Ramesh
(D) N. Venkataramanyya
34. Consider the following statements :
(i) Guru Nanak was interested in all the major forms of contemporary religious
beliefs and practices whether “Hindu” or “Muslim”.
(ii) Guru Nanak was soft on the Jain monks.
(iii) He considered ritual reading of scriptures as waste of time.
(iv) During the last fifteen years of his life Guru Nanak settled at Kiratpur.
Which of the above statements are not correct ? Select your answer from the codes given below :
Codes :
(A) (i) and (ii) (B) (i) and (iv) (C) (ii) and (iii) (D) (ii) and (iv)
35. Given below are two statements, one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other labelled as Reason (R) :
Assertion (A) : Like his father and Surs, Humayan was not willing to recognize any
power politically superior to him.
Reason (R) : He himself assumed the title of Khalifa. In the context of the above two statements,
which one of the followings is correct ?
Codes :
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
36. Who stated that the ‘best place for a woman is the purdah or the grave ?
(A) Amir Khusrau
(B) Isami
(C) Badauni
(D) Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi
37. Who justified Mughal attack on Malwa by saying that Baz Bahadur occupied himself with
“unlawful and vicious practices” ?
(A) Nizamuddin Ahmad
(B) Abdul Qadir Badauni
(C) Arif Qandhari
(D) Abul Fazl
38. Given below are two statements, one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other labelled as Reason (R) :
Assertion (A) : The art of painting reached its highest watermark during Jahanagir’s reign.
Reason (R) : He was not interested in other forms of art.
In the context of the above two statements, which one of the following is correct ?
Codes :
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
39. Given below are two statements, one labelled as Assertion (A) and other labelled as Reason (R).
Assertion (A) : The advent of the European trading companies in India adversely affected
India’s export trade during the seventeenth century.
Reason (R) : Large quantities of silver found its way into India due to the trading activities
of the English East India Company in the seventeenth century.
In the context of the above two statements, which one of the following is correct ? Select the
correct answer from the codes given below :
Codes :
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
40. Which of the following officers was not associated with the administration of cities in the
Mughal empire ?
(A) Nazim (B) Qazi (C) Mir-i-adl (D) Kotwal
41. Consider the following statements :
(i) Shah Jahan discontinued Jharokha darshan and tula dana.
(ii) Shah Jahan refused to grant land to Shanti Das, the leading Jain Jeweller and banker
of Ahmedabad to build a resting place for Jain saints.
(iii) Shah Jahan banned mixed marriages between Hindus and Muslims in Kashmir.
(iv) Shah Jahan exempted the theologians from offering Sijda.
Which of the above statements are not correct. Select the correct answer from the codes given below :
Codes :
(A) (i) and (ii) (B) (ii) and (iii) (C) (ii) and (iv) (D) (i) and (iv)
42. Which Mughal Court Chronicle given an account of the Ahom Kingdom of Assam ?
(A) Padshahnama
(B) Alamgirnama
(C) Futuhat-i-Alamgiri
(D) Maasir-i-Alamgiri
43. Which historian has spoken of tripartite relationship between zamindars, jagirdars
and peasants as the reason for the crisis of the Mughal Empire and its decline ?
(A) Stephan P. Blake
(B) M. Athar Ali
(C) Satish Chandra
(D) C.A. Bayly
44. Consider the following statements :
(i) Shivaji could check the Deccan power from intruding into his swaraj territory.
(ii) He could plunder Surat in 1664.
(iii) He could withstand the attacks of Shaista Khan and Mirza Raja Jai Singh.
(iv) Bijapur and Golkunda were annexed by the Mughals to undermine the position of Shivaji.
Which of the above statements are not correct. Select the correct answer from the codes given below :
Codes :
(A) (i) and (iii) (B) (i) and (iv) (C) (ii) and (iii) (D) (iii) and (iv)
45. Which of the following pairs is not correctly matched ?
(A) Ahdi Gentleman trooper
(B) Ashraf A person of noble birth
(C) Jama-i-Kamil Assessment of revenue at normal rate
(D) Siwanah Nigar News reporter
46. Which of the following statements is not correct ?
(A) Horses constituted a very large item of India’s overland import.
(B) Virji Vohra was one of the prominent merchants of Surat during the 17th century.
(C) The Portuguese dominated India’s maritime trade during the 17th century.
(D) Many Mughal nobles participated in trade and commerce during the 17th century.
47. Which of the following statements is not correct ?
(A) Monetary system of the Mughals was largely based on silver rupaiya.
(B) The Mughal rulers from Babur to Shahjahan continued to harbour territorial ambitions in Central Asia.
(C) There was no middle class in Mughal India.
(D) The period 1605-1658 witnessed significant changes in the Mansab and Jagir systems.
48. Given below are two statements, one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other labelled as Reason (R) :
Assertion (A) : With the acquisition of Diwani of Bengal the Company directly organised
the ‘drain of wealth’.
Reason (R) : The Company began to send to England the revenue of Bengal through
what were called “Investment”.
In the context of the above two statements, which one of the following is correct ?
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
49. The biggest British capital investment in India was made in
(A) The Jute Mills
(B) The Railways, Banking, Insurance and Shipping.
(C) The Tea and Coffee Plantations.
(D) The Indigo Plantations.
50. Who said : ‘The misery hardly finds a parallel in the history of commerce.
The bones of the cotton weavers are bleaching the plains of India.” ?
(A) William Bentinck
(B) G.M. Travelyan
(C) C. Metcalfe
(D) Lord. Auckland
51. Who said, “Imparting education to natives is our moral duty” ?
(A) Warren Hastings
(B) Wellesly
(C) William Bentinck
(D) Lord Moira
52. After 1833 the single biggest source of drain of Indian wealth to Britain was
(A) Export of opium
(B) Export of indigo
(C) British capital investment in India
(D) Export of cotton
53. Which of the following is not one of the causes responsible for the rise of moneylenders in British India ?
(A) New Revenue Policy
(B) New Legal System
(C) New Educational System
(D) Commercialization of Agriculture
54. What was the common feature between the Wahabi and Kuka movements ?
(A) Both began as religious movement, but drifted to became political movement.
(B) Both were political and economical movement.
(C) Both followed the path of Ahinsa.
(D) Both not suffered from certain weaknesses, such as communal passions, fanaticism
and division with ranks.
55. Who of the following was the biographer of Raja Rammohan Roy ?
(A) Armstrong
(B) Mary Carpenter
(C) David Havel
(D) Lawrence
56. The LexLoci Act gave
(A) no right over the ancestral properties for the Christian converts.
(B) the Christian converts, the right to inherit their ancestral properties.
(C) no right over the ancestral properties for the converts from Budhist religion.
(D) the right to inherit the ancestral properties for the converts from Jain religion.
57. Due to whose efforts Widow Remarriage Act was passed ?
(A) Raja Rammohan Roy
(B) Ishwarchandra Vidyasagar
(C) D.K. Karve
(D) M.G. Ranade
58. In which year the Indian association for the cultivation of science was established ?
(A) 1874 (B) 1875 (C) 1876 (D) 1877
59. The Act Prohibiting Child Marriages was passed in 1891 due to the efforts of
(A) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar and Jyotiba Phule.
(B) Mahadev Govind Ranade and Jyotiba Phule.
(C) Keshab Chandra Sen and Behramji Malabari.
(D) Keshab Chandra Sen and Mahadev Govind Ranade.
60. Shri Narayan Dharma Paripalana Yogam of Kerala worked for
(A) Upliftment of dalits and peasants.
(B) Women’s education.
(C) Eradication of child labour.
(D) The Hindu widow remarriage.
61. The name ‘Indian National Congress’ was given by
(A) Dadabhai Naoroji
(B) M.G. Ranade
(C) S.N. Bannerjee
(D) A.O. Hume
62. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer with the help of the codes given below :
List – I List – II
(Name) (Newspaper)
(a) Abul Kalam Azad i Bombay Chronicle
(b) Pheroze Shah Mehta ii Al Hilal
(c) Mrs. Annie Besant iii Young India
(d) Mahatma Gandhi iv New India
Codes :
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(A) ii i iv iii
(B) i ii iv iii
(C) ii i iii iv
(D) iv i ii iii
63. Given below are two statements, one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other labelled as Reason (R).
Assertion (A) : Avesta is the sacred book of Parsis.
Reason (R) : Madam Cama made significant contribution in reforming the Parsi society and
uplifting the Parsi women.
In the context of the above two statements, which one of the following is correct ?
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not a correct explanation of (A).
(C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
64. The first woman who got nominated to the Madras Legislative Council in 1927 was
(A) Muthulakshmi Reddy
(B) Sister Subbalakshmi
(C) Mehribai Tata
(D) Margaret Counsins
65. The Indian National Congress became a real mass based political party after the
(A) Nagpur Session of the Congress in 1891.
(B) Nagpur Session of the Congress in 1920.
(C) Kanpur Session of the Congress in 1928.
(D) Faizpur Session of the Congress in 1936.
66. Given below are two statements, one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other labelled as Reason (R).
Assertion (A) : Soon after the resignation of the Congress Ministries in the provinces in 1939,
the Muslim League observed a deliverance day.
Reason (R) : Ambedkar supported it. In the context of the above two statements,
which one of the following is correct ?
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(C) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(D) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
67. Given below are two statements, one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other labelled as Reason (R).
Assertion (A) : After the Civil War in U.S.A. blacks faced difficulty regarding voting right.
Reason (R) : Some Southern States of U.S.A. made it mandatory to have either the
name of grandfather or father in the electoral list of 1860.
(A) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(B) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(C) (A) is true and (R) is false.
(D) (A) is false and (R) is true.
68. Who among the following said: “To define the postmodernism is not just
to define a term. It is to characterize the present age and to asses how we should respond to it.” ?
(A) J.F. Lyotard
(B) Arran Gare
(C) J.G. Merquior
(D) None of the above
69. Consider the following statements and point out the one which is incorrect in
the context of research methodology :
(A) Subjective approach in Historical writing makes it possible to present a true picture of the past.
(B) External and internal criticism helps the historian to establish the authenticity of the records.
(C) To critically analyse the past happenings the historian needs to know the order of their occurance.
(D) Historical records of the past may not be wholly authentic or genuine to ascertain facts.
70. Consider the following statement : ‘Before the scientific revolution of 17th century,
history writing in the west suffered from certain weaknesses.’ Which one of the
following justifies the above ?
(A) Most of the writers were ignorant about the idea of change through time.
(B) The subject matter of history was treated more or less as a branch of literature or philosophy.
(C) Both (A) and (B)
(D) None of the above
The recruitment of the company’s army in the eighteenth century was not just building on the existing traditions of the North Indian military labour market; those traditions were being adopted to British imperial preferences. The recruitment system for example, endorsed the traditional British preference for peasants as best potential recruits and followed the colonial stereotypes that wheat-eating Indians rather than the rice-eating groups were physically more suitable for the job, although such ethnic stereotyping became a much more important factor in army recruitment in the late nineteenth century rather than in the eighteenth. During the initial formative phase, Hastings did not want to disturb the existing caste rules in the affairs of the army. So the Company’s army consisted mainly of upper caste Brahman and Rajput landed peasants from Awadh and the Rajput and Bhumihar Brahman peasants from north and south Bihar-both wheateating regions. These people joined the Company’s army because the payallowances, pension and resettlement provisions offered by the Company were much better than those offered by the regional States, and what was most important, salaries were paid regularly. The deliberate policy of respecting caste, dietary, travel and others religious practices of the Sepoys fostered a high caste identity of the Company’s army. By joining it many of the upcoming socially ambitious castes like the Bhumihar- Brahmans could fulfill their aspirations for social mobility. Cornwallis, despite his preference for Anglicisation, did not disturb this specific organization of the army, and as a result, the Company came to possess a high caste army, which was
prone to revolt when their social privileges and pecuniary benefits were cut from the 1820s. As the
Company’s territories expanded to the west beyond the Bengal frontiers into the mountainous Jungle Terai, in
the 1770s and then into the Ceded and Conquered Districts in 1802 there was another attempt to recruit
from among the hill tribes. While in the plains the Company ran permanent recruitment centres, in the
hills recruitment was made through local notables and payment was offered through the Mughal system
of ghatwali service tenures. The defeat of the Indian States, particularly of Mysore in the late
eighteenth and of the Marathas in the early nineteenth centuries created another vast reservoir of surplus
armed manpower to recruit from; but the Company’s army could not absorb all the disbanded soldiers of
the Indian princes. Then from 1815 there was another experiment to recruit Gurkha soldiers from among
the Nepalis, Garwahlis, and Sirmouri hill men. A skilful blending of the Nepali martial tradition and
European training and discipline made the Gurkhas the most trusted soldiers in the British army.
71. The recruitment of the Company’s army was based on
(A) The existing traditions of military labour market.
(B) Preferred peasants as best potential recruits.
(C) Colonial stereotypes.
(D) Physically suitable.
72. The Company’s army consisted of
(A) Upper Caste Brahman and Rajput.
(B) Landed Peasants from Bihar and Bengal.
(C) People from rice eating regions.
(D) People only from South.
73. What kind of payment system British followed in army recruitment ?
(A) Malgujari (B) Ghatwali (C) Mahalwari (D) Yadgari
74. Company could not absorb disbanded soldiers after early nineteenth century because
(A) It had surplus army.
(B) Company was weak economically.
(C) Company did not want more Indian force.
(D) Of religious considerations.
75. Gurkhas became most trusted soldiers because
(A) They were experts in martial art.
(B) They were hill men.
(C) They were disciplined.
(D) They were experts in Guerilla war.
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